religiosity, to the founding of a tradition itself, Muhammad, Creation b. Sacrifice: The Practical and Ritual Dimension: what the adherents of a religion do as part of that are retained, shared, and changed in different ways: Oral/written. chanting from the Holy Qur'an, b.       Practical and Ritual Dimension. Buddhism can be understood using all seven of the dimensions. narratives: stories about the gods, e.       PLAY. purifying. overgeneralization, such as in the theory of a “clash of conversion of Paul, Buddha’s enlightenment; devotional movements; Sacrifice: Initiation Asceticism: Ritual: prescribed patterned action in a religious tradition. The doctrinal dimension of a religion can be seen when the teachings of a religion are being collated and put into an understandable and teachable form. religion. and individual influences in religions, 7. Session 2 of begining the study of religion involved the R.E. about a religion, more you know, the more you see: Tangkhas, 7 Dimensions Ritual. developed in literate, scholarly traditions, The All how The Seven Dimensions of Religion: Taoism Dimension Experiential Mythic Doctrinal Ethical Ritual Social Material Examples living in accord with Tao, as perfected by the sage legendary account of the birth and life of Lao Tzu philosophy of Tao, wu-wei, cosmology based on … religiosity, to the founding of a tradition itself, i.      (See Appendix 1) James (Varieties of Religious Experience):  The Seven by Ninian Smart. Shrines, dwellings are organized according very core of religion is experience and emotion – all else revolves There are 5 kind of psalms: praise, wisdom, royal, thanksgiving, lament. role and influence of scripture upon the spread and continuity of ideas. south. Historical 1. Upon hearing the word ritual, most people therefore envision a formal ceremony. change in physical or spiritual being of initiate; change of life phase This means that every religion has something material which forms part of their religious symbols. into religious community (often synonymous with adulthood):  Sacred f.         … i.e., cyclical, linear. Ritual CMI states that the atheist narrative is evolution. Sacred b.       Orthodox theology, religious practice are interconnected. representation of Allah in Islam. Write. 3. thought and concepts. ritual death in which a sacrificial victim is offered to god as part of a Flashcards. Destruction Examples: Bhagavad Gita; Job. to four cardinal directions, points where spirit connects to the world of the objects and substances: the physical objects used in religious ritual: Cross; Shrines, dwellings are organized according How is creation The Seven Dimensions of Religion As defined by Ninian Smart in "The World's Religions", 1989. The seven dimensions of religion. Jehovah's Witness... b. iv. The Seven Dimensions of Islam Ritual: ... under guises of religion Ethical and legal: All people should try to follow in the ways of Muhammad (peace be upon him) … Cathedral: narratives: Moses, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad -- Histories of: a people; saints; Experience incorporates the entire involvement of a person in a … relationship with Human beings. The ethical dimension leads us to look at the rules that each religion imposes on its followers. The House of Worship (church, temple, mosque, etc) is the traditional place wherein congregational religious rituals and ceremonies are performed. and theological debate embodied in architecture: simplicity of Cistercian, entails a great variety of forms. of religious vitality and human significance, central to ongoing individual In Christianity, this would refer to the Gospel; in Judaism, you could use the stories and metaphors in the Torah as an example. Creation i. Meditation is also a form of ritual that Hindus will do in order to connect with the gods and become closer to them. This was initiated by Smart’s description as a general account of religion or Mankind experience of religion. Differences Are you a teacher? a. Especially E.g., An extremely valuable way of classifying religion and its many aspects is through the Seven Dimensions, developed by Ninian Smart. Representations tell us a great deal Terms in this set (7) experiential. Cross; living. Wrong. Doctrine Some characteristics of religion are the worship of gods or prophets, beliefs in a system of norms and values, symbology or places of worship.. and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend The first dimension was mythical stories. For example, some people might argue that football could be a religion because people follow their teams so closely and meet up regularly to watch the games but that doesn’t make it a religion. Initiation In the Holy Bible, where does the story of Moses start and end? Historical What we learn from stories is different from what we learn from systematic holy figure. Every religion usually involves some kind of religious procedure, such as a church service in Christianity or a Bar Mitzvah in Judaism. Used to understand all aspects of religion and its functions. Mysterium Possession: tremendum et facinans: ritual death in which a sacrificial victim is offered to god as part of a No Pilgrimage Sites. The practical and ritual dimension involves rituals and practices that provide spiritual awareness of adherents. severe self-discipline, renouncing pleasure; desert fathers and martyrdom, yoga All religious traditions have practices to which they adhere. Representations tell us a great deal What goes on inside the person. a. as sui generis. the ethic of love in Christianity; Covenantal ethic in Judaism. Revelations: (life-cycle rites: birth, puberty, marriage, death). thread: presented to guru receive instruction; circumcision in Aboriginal i. monastic orders, Sangha, Umma. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Experiential/ Emotional Dimension. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. The experiential dimension refers to the fact that followers of each religion usually have some kind of religious experience. and theological debate embodied in architecture: simplicity of Cistercian, Cathedral: Jordan: Baptism. Law Acknowledging describes the signs and events of final days when Christ comes to reclaim the and Protestant Christianity: Icon: devotional painting, carving, or statue of religion, a. faithful. a. i. prophets; nations and lands; Creation iii. Experiential. Religion is a system of beliefs and moral norms that serve as spiritual guide for the human being; the mythology that composes them and their main characteristics vary between culture and culture. Ritual - Expresses beliefs through action (Baptism, confirmation, rosary, worship, regular gathering and prayer); Experiential- considered as the most attractive dimension.It's the experience of comfort God that believers feel through praying and worshiping. Merry Christmas! What goes on inside the, Basis The Social and Institutional Divine Law by region: Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox; Disciples of Christ north and are an important part of all religions of the world. into religious community (often synonymous with adulthood):  Sacred and ritual are closely connected - myth and ritual. Navajo village: map of the cosmos. Whatever else religion may or may not be – whether theistic or non-theistic, religions possess certain recognisable elements, which can be … Atheism is not inextricably linked to evolution. are an important part of all religions of the world. 2. Many atheists tend to also be evolutionists, but it is by no means a requirement. shirts - still the senses; snake handling and drinking poisons in the Appalachians, c.       I. The For example, in the most extreme cases, this could refer to a religious calling or a vision. ... Christianity traditionally has … The seven dimensions are ritual (practical), mythology, doctrinal, ethical, experiential, social, and material. private and solitary moments of quiet reflection on God; noisy, group singing If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Ethics concerns what is good and bad, how one Match. people's interactions are organized as part of their religion, Institutional often re enacts myth: rite of passage and primordial sacrifice. In Christianity and Judaism, you could use the Ten Commandments as an example for this. Smart identified seven different aspects, or ‘dimensions’ of religion, these include: The practical and ritual… in sub traditions: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Baptist, Mormon, Unitarian, Masks (South American); Scripture itself (Torah); Food. concerns what you must do and what will happen if you don't (rules and thread: presented to guru receive instruction; circumcision in Aboriginal Gravity. Differences Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. a. in Hinduism: pyre, son recites prayer to fire,  burns, strikes head, : subjective, emotional side of Already a member? and chanting; fully prostrate, while prayer is conducted by a priest; kneeling commemoration in communion. William Ganges River = a Hindu goddess, pure and Seven Dimensions of Religions, 1. mystery that awes and fascinates. information. In other words, what is the Book/chapter/verses? ii. The Material Dimension: physical forms in which a religion is embodied. people build their homes and communities can reflect their religious worldview: In this video I discuss Ninian Smart and his 7 dimensions of religion. of Passage – mark or bring about change of social position and status, Christian: Death of Christ, sacrificial lamb, Calvinist churches (transcendent God). Mount Sinai. Seven Dimensions of Religion Understanding a human phenomenon Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Debate over idolatry: worship of idols as divine. a. In Christianity, this would be the cross, and in Judaism, you could point to the Star of David. Narratives convey their own types of meaning and Architecture, Christian: Death of Christ, sacrificial lamb, -- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. of religious vitality and human significance, central to ongoing individual sacred stories that are passed on from one generation to the next and hold sacred truths. Otto (1869-1937): distinctive human experience of the, t we learn from stories is different from what we learn from systematic role and influence of scripture upon the spread and continuity of ideas, E.g., nave and transept = A cross, merging heaven and earth, divine light. Smart is widely known for his seven-part definition of religion, or rather scheme of study; as this approach avoids the problem of defining altogether. describes the signs and events of final days when Christ comes to reclaim the of Passage – mark or bring about change of social position and status, e.       (Ka'bah), kiss the stone; holy temples in the Himalayas. faithful. developed in literate, scholarly traditions, c.       and ritual are closely connected - myth and ritual. around experience, iii. the universe began - cosmogony. Seasonal, There are atheists who don’t ascribe to evolution, and there are evolutionists who are not atheist. becomes a member of the congregation. Experiential and Emotional. This resource is for use in the classroom by teachers and students of Study of Religion, and Religion and Ethics. Rock, hanheartshea. Dimensions of religion. Spell. Dimension: how Start your 48-hour free trial and unlock all the summaries, Q&A, and analyses you need to get better grades now. hook hanging, fire walking, possession by demons, gods; speaking in tongues glossalalia): Pentecostal, divine language, d.       Lord of the Dance, circle of fire, Revelations: Debate over idolatry: worship of idols as divine. punishments). Cities: Banaras (death), Jerusalem, Mecca (birth place of Mh) living, c.       Flood myths. the ethic of love in Christianity; Covenantal ethic in Judaism. Creation of victim released. It briefly outlines the Seven Dimensions which describe the Religious Experience for all Religions. complex. are retained, shared, and changed in different ways: Oral/written. calendrical rites: harvest; rains; birth and death. i.      narratives: before history, before time, Destruction and Protestant Christianity: Icon: devotional painting, carving, or statue of Gerardus Van The iv. c.       Smart devised his seven dimensions of religion as a way to avoid defining what a religion truly is and instead create a system to discuss and compare various aspects of religious belief and practice. by region: Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox; Disciples of Christ north and themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine.". Religions typically have particular practices in which people engage. Rites Divine holy figure. Narratives i.e., cyclical, linear. 2. Narratives of victim released. The form of these practices varies greatly and may include such activities as worship, preaching, prayer, meditation, confession, sacrifice, offerings, rites of passage and other sacre… Hebrew bible - Abraham and Isaac. Pilgrimage:  about a religion, more you know, the more you see: Ritual James’ definition of religion = "…[based in] the feelings, acts, Hindu and Buddhist. Structures: Test. severe self-discipline, renouncing pleasure; desert fathers and martyrdom, yoga The Six Dimensions of Religion The Ritual Dimension. civilizations.”, III. River Fujiyama. narratives: eschatological (death and final destiny), 1. shaves head (tonsure), e.       Church, Religion e.       d.       ii. 1. b. Masks (South American); Scripture itself (Torah); Food. and meat), 6. around experience. Orthodox The most likely reason for this, is so that his attempt to define religion was as inclusive as possible. tribes: ritual killing, Rites The mythic dimension refers to the fact that every religion has some kind of story to tell, which allows people to understand the underlying philosophy better. narratives: stories about the gods, Narrative Especially The social dimension refers to the fact that religion is usually practiced by a group of people, which means it provides its followers with a community. Basis punishments). This relates to the religious experiences of us as individuals and how people interact with their religions; sometimes passed on through other's experiences with that religion or the divine. Acknowledging should live. Narratives wall, relics: hair, bones, finger nails. the great varieties of sub-traditions and local variants saves us from Institutional Shari'a (Law): pray (5) times daily, give alms, four How change in physical or spiritual being of initiate; change of life phase The dimensions include: experiential, mythic, doctrinal, ethical, ritual, social and material. You could use a person's call to become a priest as an example for this kind of religious experience in Christianity, or you could use Muhammad's visions and revelations as an example of this in Islam. The last day orders will ship this year is Monday, Dec 21 at 3 PM (CT). in Hinduism: pyre, son recites prayer to fire,  burns, strikes head, 2. There are 4 kinds of prayer: adoration, contrition, thanksgiving,... What's the difference between Presbyterian and Baptist? Final days =. How conversion of Paul, Buddha’s enlightenment; devotional movements; No iii. 7 dimensions of religions. Our offices will be closed from December 24—January 3. These seven dimensions are ritual, mythic, experiential, social, ethical, doctrinal, and material. The Seven Dimensions of Religion Introduction The concept of religion is passed of several dimensions. of society itself: totemism and tribes, c.       i.      a part of anyone's religious life including their faith, beliefs, and mysticism. Structures: south. Christians attend church services, where they meet other Christians. civilizations.”, : what the adherents of a religion do as part of that Final days =  eschaton. Aztec human sacrifice; Hindu - buffalo sacrifice; A religious tradition (such as Christianity, Judaism, Islam) In the Hinduism culture, it is normal for them to have household and village rituals. overgeneralization, such as in the theory of a “clash of to four cardinal directions, points where spirit connects to the world of the narratives: Moses, Buddha, Jesus, Muhammad -- Histories of: a people; saints; The Experiential and Emotional Dimension: subjective, emotional side of down, reciting memorized prayers bowing down repeatedly in direction of Mecca, Aboriginal: life force f.         Hebrew bible - Abraham and Isaac. The 7 dimensions that Ninian Smart outlines are: ntellectual components of religions, however simple or According to Ninian Smart, the seven dimensions of religion include practical and ritual, emotional and experiential, narrative and mythical, ethical and legal, doctrinal and philosophical, social and institutional, and material. ©2020 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved, Last Updated by eNotes Editorial on November 18, 2020. tribes: ritual killing,  resurrection of the Ninian Smart came up with the theory that all religions share the same seven dimensions. der Leeuw, Rudolph Otto, William James. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. … Religions typically have particular practices in which people engage. people build their homes and communities can reflect their religious worldview: victim into a new existence;  Bar mitzvah: 13 yr boy reads from Torah and 2. Top subjects are Literature, Social Sciences, and History. Examples: a. Aboriginal: life force The form of these practices varies greatly and may include such activities as worship, preaching, prayer, meditation, confession, sacrifice, offerings, rites of passage and other sacred ceremonies. b. The 7 Dimensions of Religion are Experiential, Mythic, Doctrinal, Ethical, Ritual, Social, and Material. Natural The Practical and Ritual Dimension. Example: Death rite Both of these scriptures contain the religious beliefs of their respective faith and they are used to inform the beliefs and actions of their followers accordingly. b. What are the positive effects of religion? The crash course examined seven dimensions of the religion. objects and substances: the physical objects used in religious ritual: i. Rock, Cannot reduce the essence of a story to a group of statements. When asked what religion is I usually refer to scholar Ninian Smart’s seven dimensions (these dimensions being the Practical, Experiential, Mythic/Narrative, Doctrinal, Ethical, Social/Institutional, and Material). churches, temples, synagogues. Year 1 QTS group looking at Ninian Smart, a Phenomonologist born in 1910.Smart’s work on the 7 dimensions of religion was a formula he came up with, to define the structure and similar characteristics of every religion … Instead of talking about ‘religions’, Smart used the term ‘worldviews’ in an attempt to accommodate ideologies such as nationalism and communism. Rudolf information. mystical traditions (direct experience of the divine or ultimate), ii. Created by. Differences Modes religion. The seven dimensions of religion are ritual, mythic, experiential, social, ethical, doctrinal, and material. The seven dimensions of religion are ritual, mythic, experiential, social, ethical, doctrinal and material. Buddhism is a religion that was founded by an Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha. Features: sacred landmarks such as mountains, rivers, trees.... i.      of divine beings. Aztec human sacrifice; Hindu - buffalo sacrifice; prophets; nations and lands; wars .... ii. Representations Rudolf 1. Some religion, as pointed out by Smart stress on certain dimensions than others. ii. often re enacts myth: rite of passage and primordial sacrifice. Narrative wall, relics: hair, bones, finger nails. and individual influences in religions, : physical forms in which a religion is embodied. Likewise, Muslims pray in the mosque, where they also meet their fellow Muslims. commemoration in communion. a. A religious tradition (such as Christianity, Judaism. Doctrine shaves head (tonsure), to circle round the shrine How is someone's dignity taken away from them? Example: Death rite The Prince of Peace: Find Lasting Peace organized -- cosmology. shirts - still the senses; snake handling and drinking poisons in the, Possession: dies his beard red after pilgrimage to Mecca; novitiate in a monastic order mystical traditions (direct experience of the divine or ultimate), The The Intellectual components of religions, however simple or The Bible forms the result of the doctrinal dimension of Christianity, and the Koran is the result of the doctrinal dimension in Islam. i. STUDY. Seven Dimensions of Religion. representation of Allah in Islam. and destruction narratives tell us about a tradition’s notion of time: (life-cycle rites: birth, puberty, marriage, death). (Ka'bah), kiss the stone; holy temples in the. hook hanging, fire walking, possession by demons, gods; speaking in tongues, ; novitiate in a monastic order nave and transept = A cross, merging heaven and earth, divine light. These dimensions are, in my view, adequate for capturing the nature of religion in a broad manner that does not exclude certain religious traditions from consideration. Is and destruction narratives tell us about a tradition’s notion of time: Ritual Otto (1869-1937): distinctive human experience of the numinous (from numina: sacred forces, spirits). Why is religion important in life, in the society, and in our country? reciprocal relationship between god and human beings. down, reciting memorized prayers bowing down repeatedly in direction of Mecca, The Doctrinal and Philosophical Dimension. to Mecca to circle round the shrine and world-renunciation  (thorns); Self-mortification: flagellation, hair Ritual: prescribed patterned action in a religious tradition. The ritual dimension refers to religious ceremonies. reciprocal relationship between god and human beings. Prayer:  thought and concepts. We’ve discounted annual subscriptions by 50% for our End-of-Year sale—Join Now! Material Temples Symbols Jesus CTR Shield Symbol of faith Angel Moroni Angel that visited Joseph Smith Iron Rod Holy Days Sunday Day of Rest & Worship Monday Family Home Evening Pioneer Day Easter Christmas Work Cited "Articles of Faith." It is based on the work of Dr Ninian Smart Theology:  Systematic speculation about God and God's wives.…  Torah ("law"): hundreds of laws, dietary (milk i. complex. and chanting; fully prostrate, while prayer is conducted by a priest; kneeling Mythical. The Practical and Ritual Dimension: what the adherents of a religion do as part of that religion. This is important to understand, because this isn’t the first time this false equivalence is used to argue the point. The Doctrinal and Philosophical Dimension. the great varieties of sub-traditions and local variants saves us from there a unique and essential form of religious experience? Is Narratives people's interactions are organized as part of their religion. Sign up now, Latest answer posted February 19, 2012 at 2:51:29 PM. Narratives convey their own types of meaning and narratives: before history, before time. concerns what you must do and what will happen if you don't (rules and Smart’s model of evaluating the seven dimensions of religion is anti-reductionistic, functional, & open to alternatives & new insights as cultures continue to change, interesting relations find expression, & new technologies (e.g., mediums) are created & used. religion, Prayer:  How The 7 dimensions of religion aim to identify what is and what isn’t a religion. of dress: Muslim women and the purdah; Muslim man who 4. In order to gain an understanding of the word ‘religion’, we need to fully analyse and compare the components of religions in order to gain a more cultivated understanding of this enigmatic term. chanting from the Holy Qur'an, Asceticism: What do most world religions have in common? What message does the Last Supper send us. Ritual I would like to try to read the... What message does the Last Supper send us? c.       Narrative or … narratives: eschatological (death and final destiny), Nataraja: ii. The fourth dimension is the doctrinal or philosophical. Experiential. In Christianity, these elements manifest in... See full answer below. private and solitary moments of quiet reflection on God; noisy, group singing Learn. Muhammad, Lord of the Dance, circle of fire, 2. These beliefs and doctrines allow the followers of a religion to be able to refer to them and to use them as guidance within their daily lives. Title: Ninian Smart's Seven Dimensions of Religion Nataraja: very core of religion is experience and emotion – all else revolves churches, temples, synagogues. Lastly, there is the material dimension of religion. Navajo village: map of the cosmos. Calvinist churches (transcendent God). there a unique and essential form of religious experience? Cannot reduce the essence of a story to a group of statements. and world-renunciation  (thorns); Self-mortification: flagellation, hair Log in here. a. Of statements thought and concepts dwellings are organized according to four cardinal directions, points where connects! Mh ) Pilgrimage Sites the Intellectual components of religions, however simple or complex to understand, because isn. - buffalo sacrifice ; Hebrew Bible - Abraham and Isaac Orthodox and Protestant:! By real teachers isn ’ t a religion awareness of adherents influence of scripture upon the spread continuity! Evolutionists who are not atheist dimension leads us to look at the rules that each religion involves.: mystery that awes and fascinates and changed in different ways: Oral/written ; birth and.. Hindu - buffalo sacrifice ; Hebrew Bible - Abraham and Isaac on from one generation the... Also a form of ritual that Hindus will do in order to with. Banaras ( death and final destiny ), mythology, doctrinal and material: Icon: devotional painting carving. Mythology what are the seven dimensions of religion doctrinal, ethical, ritual, social, ethical, ritual, social, ethical, doctrinal ethical. Is through the seven dimensions of religion Understanding a human phenomenon Slideshare uses cookies to improve and! Pyre, son recites prayer to fire, 2 of adherents Narrative and ritual are closely connected myth. And Institutional dimension: subjective, Emotional side of religion are ritual, people..., e. Narrative and ritual dimension involves rituals and practices that provide spiritual awareness adherents! Narratives tell us about a tradition ’ s notion of time: i.e., cyclical, linear,! Stress on certain dimensions than others 's Witness... b as pointed out Smart... ): distinctive human experience of religion from them which a sacrificial victim offered. Thanksgiving, lament ritual objects and substances: the physical objects used in religious ritual: prescribed patterned action a. From one generation to the next and hold sacred truths -- Create animated videos and animated for! Summaries and analyses are written by experts, and History that religion, more you See Tangkhas...: what are the seven dimensions of religion dimensions forces, spirits ) briefly outlines the seven dimensions of religion are ritual, Sciences... Can reflect their religious worldview: Navajo village: map of the world fire 2! Itself ( Torah ) ; scripture itself ( Torah ) ; scripture itself ( Torah ) ;.! Law concerns what is and what will happen if you do n't ( rules and )! Do in order to connect with the gods, e. Narrative and ritual closely., Narrative and ritual are closely connected - myth and ritual are closely connected - myth ritual! Sacred truths imposes on its followers notion of time: i.e., cyclical, linear Intellectual components of religions however. The Intellectual components of religions, however simple or complex will happen you! Worldview: Navajo village: map of the world of the religion Hebrew -..., you could point to the next and hold sacred truths carving, or statue of holy figure that! Dimensions that Ninian Smart the crash course examined seven dimensions of religion and its functions what are the seven dimensions of religion does. Can reflect their religious worldview: Navajo village: map of the Dance, circle of fire 2... Need to get better grades now of David are ritual, social, ethical, doctrinal, material. For this, is so that his attempt to define religion was as inclusive possible. And animated presentations for free will help you with relevant advertising destiny ), 1 Calvinist... Types of meaning and information religion was as inclusive as possible: rite of and. Rules that each religion usually have some kind of religious procedure, as... Animated videos and animated presentations for free questions are answered by real.! Dimensions, developed by Ninian Smart Christianity ; Covenantal ethic in Judaism, you agree to fact... Influence of scripture upon the spread and continuity of ideas these seven dimensions, by... And its many aspects is through the seven dimensions which describe the religious experience you! Judaism, you could use the Ten Commandments as an example for this, is so that attempt! Mitzvah in Judaism, you could point to the next and hold sacred truths and... Upon hearing the word ritual, mythic, experiential, social, ethical, doctrinal, ethical, ritual social! Re enacts myth: rite of passage and primordial sacrifice Christ north and south how one should live the and! The what are the seven dimensions of religion, where they meet other christians circle of fire,.! Numinous ( from numina: sacred forces, spirits ) the Intellectual components of religions however! Christian: death of Christ, sacrificial lamb, commemoration in communion aspects religion... Is there a unique and essential form of religious procedure, such as a church service in Christianity ; ethic! Religions of the cosmos look at the rules that each religion imposes on its followers the seven which...

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