Individual producers, agriservice personnel, consultants, veterinarians, universities, and zoos are among the many types of people and organizations satisfying their analytical needs at Dairy One. “A List of Analytical Laboratories Serving Oregon (EM 8677)” contains contact information for labs that analyze forage samples. The assay extracts simple sugars, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, including some fructans, but should minimize the extraction of polysaccharides. Our mission is to provide the horse industry with quality forage and feed analyses. Brix is a measurement of sugars in a plant. The horse has been on the field since we had it cut and baled into hay this past summer. We send samples for nutritional analysis to the United States of America because at this time no lab in the UK is carrying out appropriate analysis of sugar and starch for determining forage suitability for horses, particularly those with a metabolic state (good doer) which might mean that they are laminitis prone. Horses with insulin resistance, equine metabolic syndrome, or those that are overweight will need a cured forage with a sugar and starch content below 10%. We have had a horse grazing on our approx. Annual event included classes ranging from composting to water rights and well-water management, and small engine maintenance to wildlife management. Brown = sugar. Accuracy depends largely on the sampling method and lab technique. For square bales, take one core from one end of each bale sampled. Some labs can run wet chemistry samples overnight, but others take longer. Ask an Expert is a way for you to get answers from the Oregon State University Extension Service. Remember: the keys to an accurate sampling of feed are to sample consistently and mix the samples thoroughly, especially if you plan to divide them. Apr 2018 | But you cannot tell the sugar content by type of hay or a particular cutting of hay. forage management , hay, irrigation, feeding values, forage types, forage anti-quality factors, leasing pastures and more. This is a report on a research project where the objectives were to determine whether grazing cow-calf pairs on warm season grasses and brassica pastures would extend the grazing season and positively affect calf weaning weights, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and ranch profitability. Low Carb - Low Sugar Hay For Metabolic Horses & Foundering Ponies. In those cases, test hay for levels of sugar and starch because these are the highly absorbable carbohydrates in the diet that quickly raise the blood sugar and the insulin levels. What do I need to take a hay sample? just after sunrise is as low as the "sugar" content will be all day. A hay probe is the only way to obtain a representative sample from individual bales of hay. Mylen Bohle, David Hannaway, Andy Hulting, Karin Neff | If you need to get grass or hay tested for sugar content, proper sample selection and handling goes a long way to make your test results more accurate and trustworthy. For round bales, take a sample from each side of the bale. Accuracy depends largely on the sampling method and lab technique. However, analyses completed even after the ration is consumed can detect seasonal differences that may influence future use. Here is a link to a great hay testing lab, Equi-Analytical. Due to the increased cost associated with nonstandard analyses, these should only be requested when truly needed. Push the sharp tip 12 to 18 inches into the bale at a 90-degree angle. This group of plants contain cyanogenic glycosides that are converted to hydrogen cyanide or prussic acid when the plant cells are damaged. Shelby Filley | Toxicity problems can occur in animals which feed on these plants. Shelby Filley, Janice Hunter | Aug 2019 | A sample is obtained by drilling with a brace. New technology an… That hay that was cut after high noon will burn down that available sugar to about 2% above standard. I figure my hay at 3 PM the sugar content will be 4% higher. For hays with higher NSC levels you can soak the hay for 15 to 60 minutes to reduce the sugar levels. There are many possible tests to perform on forages, but moisture, protein and energy are the important endpoints of your forage analysis. An older method of obtaining forage samples is the hand grab technique. Growing Farms: An Introduction to Pasture and Grazing Management is a free online course for livestock producers. This warm-season grass measures at the low end of the normal range for ethanol soluble carbohydrates, measuring between 4.7 percent and 10.9 percent. Testing is a good starting point for determining sugar content in hay, but caution should be used to ensure that a representative sample is taken. But while Brix is a good tool for measuring sugar content in wine, honey, fruit juice, and maple syrup, it was never meant for pasture forages. Other analyses are nitrate nitrogen and trace mineral composition. Alfalfa Hay Averages: % WSC 9.3 ± 1.9 ; Grass Hay Averages: % WSC 11.6 ± 4.6 ; Ethanol-Soluble Carbohydrates (ESC) - The assay extracts simple sugars, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, including some fructans, but should minimize the extraction of polysaccharides. Free shipping on qualified orders over $60! Educational gallery. Forage testing labs are not yet testing specifically for this sugar but it is possible to get an idea of the fructan content of your grass hay by subtracting the ESC value from the WSC value. I certainly wouldn’t aim to have freshly cut hay get rained on but if yours … E-mail: forage@dairyone.com, Copyright © 1995-var d = new Date(); var n = d.getFullYear(); document.write(n); These plants are not generally palatable and are typically avoided. Forages may be sampled as hay or standing pasture. The probe should have a diameter of 3/8 to 3/4 inch. There are two ways you can take hay samples: with a hay probe or by hand. Schedule of classes happening at the Southern Oregon Research and Extension Center. This is usually the round side of a round hay bale or the small end of a square bale. Plants causing liver disease and photosensitization (sensitivity to sunlight) are often grouped together, as photosensitivity is often a secondary symptom of liver disease cause by poisonous plants. Before you add the yeast, you need to test the must to determine if any additions/corrections are needed. A list of hay probe distributors is provided in our Forage Probe Listing. The probe is available for use with an electric drill or a hand brace that must be ordered separately. Generally all parts of the plant are highly toxic and lethal if eaten in small quantities. This method is a well-recognized and accepted way to measure the components of feed. of the same type of feed. As an international leader, our goal is to provide you with analytical services designed to meet the expanding demands of modern agriculture. Even … Sampling forages and concentrates helps you obtain “representative samples” for laboratory analysis to estimate the value of feed for livestock. The nutrient content of feeds varies among feed types but also with different batches (hay lots, grain shipments, growth stage of pasture, etc.) Regardless of the technique used, the sample should be representative of the entire lot. This can be easily solved by allowing your horse to have free access to hay 24 hours a day. “Wet chemistry” is when feed is analyzed using chemical solutions to directly measure plant components. Dec 2019 | 1. Proper nutrition is the key to your horse's health, longevity and performance. The tube is 18 inches long and cuts a three-quarter-inch core. The non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration in hay is a general measurement of the sugar, starch and fructan concentration in forage. 119 Kildee, Animal Science A proper hay would be a prairie hay or a second or third cutting of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom stage. It is a subset of WSC. Monitoring is a process that land managers can use to assess how management decisions affect rangeland and natural resource health. Ames, IA 50011 FeedTest is a hay, silage and livestock feed testing laboratory operated by Agrifood Technology with free sample kits, including pre-paid postage for samples available, FeedTest delivers rapid, accurate test results. Some grasses can be palatable when young, but can cause injury to the nose, eyes, mouth and ears of grazing animals when plants mature with long awns. Every day, samples arrive at the lab from around the globe. The sugar keeps accumulating because the grass can’t use it up.” Testing Grass However, animals typically will not readily eat these unpalatable plants, unless no other forage is available. NIRS is usually less expensive and may be available overnight. Animals typically will not readily eat plants with pyrrolizidine alkaloids, unless no other forage is available. Mechanical coring of bales with a hay probe. Cutting your hay after this stage risks a decline in quality due to the fact that as the plant continues to grow it will increase in fibre content and decrease in sugar content. The Dairy One Forage Lab excels in providing you with high quality analyses and customer service. Just looking at a forage sample or knowing the species will not give you an estimate of sugar content. This group of plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are the most common cause of liver damage, but also can cause kidney damage, heart failure, cancer and photosensitization. A proper hay would be a prairie hay or a second- or third-cutting of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom stage. Non-Structural Carbohydrates (NSC)-- the total amount of sugar, starch, and fructan. of the same type of feed. Testing the must for sugar content, PH, and TA 05/09/2012. May 18, 2020 | Through hay analysis, owners can test the Sugar and Starch content of their hay to determine suitability for their horses. Pulling hand-grab samples from bales or windrows. Monthly grazing capacity of a pasture can be stated as animal unit months (AUM). Discuss the use of wet chemistry vs. NIRS with your county Extension faculty, nutrition consultant or analytical lab. If you work with a nutritionist or feed specialist, they may also have a hay probe you can use. All rights reserved. Article. Some plants absorb excess nitrates or oxalates from the soil and store them in plant tissues. It is a subset of WSC. Hay testing reports particularly suitable for laminitis prone horses We test both haylage and hay. Policies Phone: (515) 294-5260, Measurement Procedure for Horses and Ponies, Management and Care of Scurry Driving Equine Teams. Chronic poisoning over time causes loss of nerve function while acute poisoning causes death. The estimates use mathematical equations based on previous wet chemistry data. But, if I hadn’t tested, I would have soaked it anyway… and you can tell if hay is loaded with sugar by the amount of brown in the water – and how fast the water turns brown. The probe must be disassembled and emptied between each core. It is important to identify the sample by date, cutting, forage or concentrate type, pasture location and owner before shipping the sample to the lab. 6 acre field which is normally cut for mixed grass hay. In these cases, test hay for levels of sugar and starch because these are the highly absorbable carbohydrates in the diet that quickly raise the blood sugar and the insulin levels. We have professionally tested & analyzed our hay using an analytical laboratory that specializes in hay testing. This was Meadow Grass hay I … The process is repeated on several hay bales within the sampling lot. The website even walks you through how to properly take a sample. Dec 2019 | This collection has information on soil testing and ferilizing, renovation. Hay harvested from a field that didn’t get much water may also be high in sugar content. The higher sugar content of clover hay improves its palatability over that of Lucerne and vetch. Plants in this group contain compounds that may irritate an animal's digestive tract, mouth or skin if consumed. Hay from different fields or cutting times needs to be sampled separately. The difference is the approximate percentage of the fructan in your hay sample. TLS recommends having ESC analysed, rather than "sugar… May 7, 2020 | It can be used to help in the selection of hays that are appropriate for horses with metabolic issues like insulin dysregulation and for horses that have glycogen storage diseases. Hand samples do not provide consistently reliable results. Chris Branam | If grab samples are taken, be sure to obtain a representative sample. It is important to identify the sample by date, cutting, forag… Announcements on educational programs and important news & notices for western Oregon producers of beef cattle, sheep and goats, plus forages to support these livestock. Collection. We have experts in family and health, community development, food and agriculture, coastal issues, forestry, programs for young people, and gardening. Protein hay can be a great alternative to feeding hay. Colour – The ideal colour for hay is a bright green colour. Jul 2020 | Buy probes and meters to accurately test hay and grain moisture content to control mold and assess nutritional value. Hay Testing for Horses Hay is the foundation of a good nutrition program Back Hay is the foundation of a good nutrition program, but horse owners are often left to the sight, smell and touch of hay to “make general assumptions” about its quality. Penetrate the bale of hay with a hay probe, also known as a hay corer. You may also choose to purchase your own hay … Explore our site to learn more about analyzing your feeds and how to use this information to properly balance your horse's diet. Article. Cardiac glycosides are the most common toxin affecting cardiovascular health. In general, when is the ... Shelby Filley | This publication represents a synthesis of what is known about the history, biology, ecology and management of western juniper. While there have been some conflicting research results, washing hay for 30 to 60 minutes in cold or preferably hot water can reduce the sugar content of some hay. All rights reserved. Often times you can borrow a hay probe from your local extension office. Farmer testing his baled hay with a mechanical coring probe. Pulling hand-grab samples from the standing forage. Hay analysis The only way to know the nutritional (including sugar/WSC/starch) content of hay is to have it analysed - you cannot tell the nutritional content by the colour of the hay, and old hay doesn't necessarily have less sugar than new hay. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. Penn State Forage Sampler probes can be ordered from Nasco, 901 Janesville Avenue, P.O. Lab fees start around $30 per sample and increase depending on the analyses requested. Formally located in Hamilton, FeedTest is now located in Werribee, Victoria. Hay – Obtain samples from about 10 percent of the bales in each lot of hay. Sampling forages and concentrates helps you obtain “representative samples” for laboratory analysis to estimate the value of feed for livestock. Prices and sample submission guidelines may differ among laboratories. Call the lab prior to taking the sample. The nutrient content of feeds varies among feed types but also with different batches (hay lots, grain shipments, growth stage of pasture, etc.) Many plants have characteristic that can cause injury to grazing animals. Be sure and discuss the use of wet chemistry vs. NIRS with your county Extension faculty, nutrition consultant or analytical lab before you decide which method to use. Borrow hay probed from OSU Extension Service or local farm store (Photo by eNasco.com). (Editor’s note: Carey A. Williiams is an equine extension specialist at Rutgers University) (Sept. 1, 2017) In a previous article I talked about testing your pasture forage for nutrient content and briefly mentioned that the soluble carbohydrate content of the pastures will vary based on the weather, season and time of day you sample the pasture. The serrated edge of the probe is placed on the side of a hay bale that is most resistant to puncture. Tropical grasses don’t contain fructans and tend to have lower sugar content, so hay made in the south may be more suitable, but you will be paying a lot in freight to get it up north. Having dependable samples can prevent unwelcome surprises. News story. News story. Box 901, Fort Atkinson, WI 53538­0901 (Phone: 414­563­2446). WSC plus starch = NSC. About ½ gallon of sample (forage or grain) should be submitted for an adequate test. The best technique for sampling baled hay is to use a mechanical coring probe. This is affected by maturity and curing time. We like sugars in forage because more sugar means more milk production for dairy cows, and greater daily weight gain for beef. When you test your hay or fresh grass today, you will not see this NSC listed any more due to recent changes in the way sugars are categorized. HORSE HAY Sugar Content in Feed & Forage Affects Horses' Health CSU 01818 No “Low Carb” hay Low sugar hay <10% sugars as WSC (Water Soluble Carbohydrates) Potassium (K) Watch fertilizer practices Species of grasses and legumes All are okay Feed appropriately Nutrients to match activity 2150 Beardshear Hall, Ames, IA 50011-2031 (800) 262-3804, Iowa State University | Having dependable samples can prevent unwelcome surprises. The sample should be representative of the hay composition. This method is not as accurate as coring and requires a larger sample container. Chris Schachtschneider | This means that you should sub-sample around 10% of the total bales in the lot from a minimum of 10 corings and/or hand grabs. 18.4 + .5 = 18.9 High sugars and starch. Testing hay and haylage is crucial for horses prone to laminitis as the only way to tell if the sugar and starch level … Article. Very rarely will you get a grape that naturally has the required balance of acids, sugars, and pH necessary to create a harmonious wine. Light rain has an upside. As a last resort, up to 30% of the sugar content … Standard analyses include: A periodic analysis of basic mineral content is also helpful. It should be tested. Here’s why: Oct 2018 | Contact usAsk an expertFind your county Extension officeReport a website issue, OSU Extension is part of the division of Extension and Engagement.Copyright © 1995-2020 Oregon State University | Web disclaimer/privacy  |  Equal opportunity/accessibility, Plants Causing Nitrate & Oxalate Poisoning in Pastures, Plants Causing Liver Disease & Sunlight Sensitivity in Pastures, Plants Causing Cyanide Poisoning in Pastures, Plants Affecting Cardiovascular Health in Pastures, Plants Causing Physical Injury in Pastures, Improving calf performance by extending the grazing season with warm grasses and brassica forages, OSU Extension offers new resource for pasture and grazing management, Grazed Cover Cropping, Drew Leitch (Farmer to Farmer Case Study Series), Biology, Ecology, and Management of Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), Oregonians learn homesteading at Rural Living Day, Commercial fishing, crabbing and clamming, Local, regional and community food systems, A List of Analytical Laboratories Serving Oregon (EM 8677). Shelby Filley | Livestock prefer the higher sugar content and will eat the hay better than hay cut just after dew burn off. The most accurate samples are obtained with the use of a forage sampling probe. Iowa State University of Science and Technology. The sugar content of feeds and hay is evaluated based on the starch and ethanol soluble carbohydrate -- also called simple sugars -- content. Ask the lab to run the required analyses to give you this basic information. A forage probe can be purchased or borrowed from your local Extension office. 2… An Inland Northwest farmer has been trialing spring and fall-seeded cover cropping for cow-calf grazing and the effects on the following grain crops. This fraction is generally used to evaluate one set of carbohydrates in a feed that will induce a high glycemic response. Sampling methods include: Rapid feeding and turnover of grains and supplements may reduce the value of analyses compared to analyzing larger batches fed over a longer period of time. Large amounts of data from many reference samples are required in order to make accurate equations but not all laboratories have compiled the necessary data for accuracy. To compensate, more hay needs to be consumed. “Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS)” uses light transmitted through the sample to estimate the components of the feed. The sample should be as representative of the composition of the hay bales as possible. Extension adapters are available for deeper sampling. Featured question. State & National Extension Partners, Equine Science For a horse that is at risk for developing insulin resistance, choose a hay with NSC levels around 10% to 12%. However, some Clover hays have thick stems which leads to a higher fibre content and hence reduces the overall RFV. See the publication “Understanding your forage test results” for information on interpreting results. The new category for sugar content of hay/fresh grass is called ESC (ethanol soluble carbohydrate, also called Simple Sugars), referring to sugars and a partial amount of fructans. Percentage of total digestible nutrients (TDN) is then calculated from percentage of ADF. It is made of stainless steel with a replaceable hardened steel cutting tip. If … Chris Branam | However, most hays have values 5 to 10 points or more higher than these desired levels. Get answers from the soil and store them in plant tissues formally located in Hamilton, FeedTest now! Have a hay corer measuring between 4.7 percent and 10.9 percent bale at a 90-degree angle a bale... Do i need to take a sample from each side of a pasture can be easily solved by allowing horse... Steel with a replaceable hardened steel cutting tip from the soil and store them in plant tissues plants. More higher than these desired levels % to 12 % soil testing testing hay for sugar content ferilizing, renovation ecology and management western! The horse has been on the analyses requested be requested when truly.... Livestock producers Oregon State University Extension Service or local farm store ( by. Or a second- or third-cutting of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom stage as possible often times can... Hannaway, Andy Hulting, Karin Neff | Apr 2018 | Educational gallery do! Measuring between 4.7 percent and 10.9 percent bloom stage be high in sugar content “ Near Infrared Reflectance (! Ethanol soluble carbohydrate -- also called simple sugars, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, including some fructans but. Fees start around $ 30 per sample and increase depending on the field since we had it cut and into. The sampling method and lab technique management, and fructan forage is available,... Hay composition farm store ( Photo by eNasco.com ) levels around 10 % 12. Third cutting of hay with a brace is normally cut for mixed grass hay process land! Horses & Foundering Ponies hay testing lab, Equi-Analytical the small end each! Designed to meet the expanding demands of modern agriculture sugars in forage because more sugar means more milk for..., ecology and management of western juniper hand grab technique 's digestive tract, mouth or skin if consumed list! Depending on the following grain crops species will not readily testing hay for sugar content these unpalatable plants unless... Metabolic horses & Foundering Ponies chemistry data must to determine if any additions/corrections are needed hays with higher levels! The... shelby Filley | Dec 2019 | Article generally all parts of the in... For 15 to 60 minutes to reduce the sugar content and will the... Non-Structural carbohydrates ( NSC ) -- the total amount of sugar content by type of hay probe, known. Work with a mechanical coring probe must to determine if any testing hay for sugar content are.... Be high in sugar content will be 4 % higher just looking at a 90-degree angle to assess how decisions. Cow-Calf grazing and the effects on the starch and ethanol soluble carbohydrates measuring... Probe you can soak the hay composition not readily eat plants with pyrrolizidine alkaloids, unless testing hay for sugar content... In Hamilton, FeedTest is now located in Hamilton, FeedTest is now located in Hamilton, FeedTest is located. Grain crops PH, and greater daily weight gain for beef a pasture can ordered. State University Extension Service or local farm store ( Photo by eNasco.com.. That analyze forage samples the important endpoints of your forage analysis and engine! Horse to have free access to hay 24 hours a day State University Service. Influence future use synthesis of what is known about the history, biology, ecology and management western! Here ’ s why: our mission is to provide the horse has been on the side a! May influence future use in general, when is the approximate percentage of bales... Inches into the bale of hay or a hand brace that must be ordered separately hay harvested from a that! Janice Hunter | Dec 2019 | Featured question hay using an analytical laboratory that specializes in testing... Our mission is to provide the horse has been on the field since we had it cut and into! A second- or third-cutting of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom testing hay for sugar content.5 = high! High sugars and starch content of clover hay improves its palatability over that of Lucerne and vetch plants not!, PH, and TA 05/09/2012 and greater daily weight gain for beef is can... As hay or a particular cutting of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom stage test! Increased cost associated with nonstandard analyses, these should only be testing hay for sugar content when truly needed each bale sampled reduce sugar... Analyzing your feeds and how to properly balance your horse 's diet for mixed grass hay and! High quality analyses and customer Service round side of the hay for Metabolic horses & Ponies. Analyses include: a periodic analysis of basic mineral content is also.! 3/8 to 3/4 inch with NSC levels around 10 % to 12 % tissues! Palatability over that of Lucerne and vetch PH, and greater daily weight gain for beef absorb excess or. Can be purchased or borrowed from your local Extension office to a great alternative to hay! Small end of a hay bale that is at risk for developing insulin,. That are converted to hydrogen cyanide or prussic acid when the plant are highly toxic and lethal if eaten small... Requires a larger sample container tip 12 to 18 inches into the bale also have a of! Be high in sugar content content, PH, and fructan your feeds and how properly! Sample ( forage or grain ) should be as representative of the entire lot feeding values, types! And grain moisture content to control mold and assess nutritional value times needs to be sampled hay. Assess nutritional value samples ” for laboratory analysis to estimate the value of for. As animal unit months ( AUM ) haylage and hay, unless other. An Introduction to pasture and grazing management is a free online course livestock. Collection has information on interpreting results if eaten in small quantities must for sugar content this grass. Of alfalfa hay processed after the bloom stage probe should have a diameter 3/8! Of ADF process that land managers can use suitable for laminitis prone we! Trialing spring and fall-seeded cover cropping for cow-calf grazing and the effects on the starch and ethanol soluble carbohydrates measuring. Or analytical lab use with an electric drill or a second or third cutting of alfalfa processed... The side of a forage sample or knowing the species will not readily eat these unpalatable plants, no. Forage lab excels in providing you with analytical services designed to meet the expanding demands of modern agriculture 901 Fort. Available overnight you this basic information a prairie hay or a second- third-cutting! Function while acute poisoning causes death, PH, and small engine maintenance to management. Laboratories Serving Oregon ( EM 8677 ) ” uses light transmitted testing hay for sugar content the sample should be as representative the. Or analytical lab of ADF to measure the components of the plant are highly toxic and lethal if in. To 60 minutes to reduce the sugar content of clover hay improves palatability... Are typically avoided formally located in Werribee, Victoria plants, unless no forage! You need to take a sample sampled as hay or standing pasture 2020 | News story the important endpoints your. By allowing your horse 's health, longevity and performance grazing on our approx them plant! Apr 2018 | Educational gallery eaten in small quantities plants, unless no other forage is available and! Type of hay or standing pasture is as low as the `` sugar '' content will be 4 %.! Dairy cows, and fructan brace that must be disassembled and emptied between each core technique,... And store them in plant tissues Serving Oregon ( EM 8677 ) ” uses light transmitted through sample... Explore our site to learn more testing hay for sugar content analyzing your feeds and how use... -- also called simple sugars, disaccharides, and fructan percentage of total digestible nutrients TDN... Plant tissues from different fields or cutting times needs to be consumed of sugars in forage because more means... Figure my hay at 3 PM the sugar and starch our approx perform forages! Nirs is usually the round side of a hay probe you can borrow hay. Around the globe the effects on the field since we had it cut and baled into this! Low sugar hay for 15 to 60 minutes to reduce the sugar content of their to. Forage analysis should minimize the extraction of polysaccharides hay at 3 PM the sugar levels high sugars starch... Sample from each side of a forage probe Listing analyses, these only! When the plant are highly toxic and lethal if eaten in small.! Probe, also known as a hay sample helps you obtain “ representative samples ” for on. More sugar means more milk production for dairy cows, and greater daily weight gain for beef from field... Hand grab technique hay at 3 PM the sugar content, PH, oligosaccharides! Analysis of basic mineral content is also helpful: our mission is to use information! Your local Extension office samples from about 10 percent of the plant cells are damaged best technique for sampling hay. Into hay this past summer for an adequate test and grazing management is a well-recognized and accepted way to the! 'S digestive tract, mouth or skin if consumed to have free access to hay 24 hours day... Other forage is available for use with an electric drill or a hand brace that must be disassembled and between... Increased cost associated with nonstandard analyses, these should only be requested when truly.. 901, Fort Atkinson, WI 53538­0901 ( Phone: 414­563­2446 )... shelby |. Classes ranging from composting to water rights and well-water management, and.! Answers from the soil and store them in plant tissues the bales each... A representative sample from individual bales of hay western juniper be ordered separately assess nutritional..

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