Bowers B, Schatzman L: Dimensional Analysis. 2006, London: Sage, Clarke AE: Situational Analysis. Coding is essential to the development of a grounded theory [15]. So, by sampling dentists from both intervention and control group from the previous MPP study, we aimed to confirm or disconfirm the broader reach of our emerging theory and to complete inductive development of key concepts. Pitts NB: The use of bitewing radiographs in the management of dental caries: scientific and practical considerations. Sbaraini, A., Carter, S.M., Evans, R.W. We explain how these steps were consistent with grounded theory methodology, and show how they related to one another. Article  Even some of their methodological considerations are alike, particularly in that both grounded theory and ethnography use observation as the primary tool of data collection (Najafi, … The MPP protocols used in the RCT guided dentists to systematically apply preventive techniques to prevent new tooth decay and to arrest early stages of tooth decay in their patients, therefore reducing the need for drilling and filling. The researcher/interviewer (AS) travelled to a rural town in NSW where interviews took place. This shows the influence of symbolic interactionism, a social psychological approach focused on the meaning of human actions [39]. Grounded theory studies are characterised by theoretical sampling, but this requires some data to be collected and analysed. Gerunds emphasise actions and processes. The inductive approach to social science research known as grounded theory represents a bottom-up method in which theory emerges from a process of data collection, coding and analysis. 1995, 311: 182-, CAS  Caries Res. Without careful consideration of these pros and cons, you may meet struggles along the way. Grounded theory is a systematic methodology that has been largely, but not exclusively, applied to qualitative research conducted by social scientists.The methodology involves the construction of hypotheses and theories through the collecting and analysis of data. This paper starts with definitions, origin and applications of grounded theory, followed by types of grounded theory research designs and the key characteristics of grounded theory. We now had a detailed provisional model of the successful process implemented in Dental Practice 1. We thank Emeritus Professor Miles Little for his time and wise comments during the project. Article  Edited by: Morse JM, Stern PN, Corbin J, Bowers B, Charmaz K, Clarke AE. Charmaz's method, like Glaser's method [13], captures actions or processes by using gerunds as codes (verbs ending in 'ing'); Charmaz also emphasises coding quickly, and keeping the codes as similar to the data as possible. This purposive sample was designed to provide maximum variation in patients' adoption of preventive dental care. At this point, we decided to theoretically sample dental practices from the non-intervention arm of the MPP study. BMJ. Terms and Conditions, In initial coding, the researcher generates as many ideas as possible inductively from early data. PubMed Google Scholar. The Problem/Research Question The problem can be broad, but must be specific enough to convince others that it is worth focusing on. These components may appear in different combinations in other qualitative studies; a grounded theory study should have all of these. Evans RW, Pakdaman A, Dennison P, Howe E: The Caries Management System: an evidence-based preventive strategy for dental practitioners. By comparing codes against codes and data against data, we distinguished the category of "seeking out evidence" from other focused codes, such as "gathering and comparing peers' evidence to reach a conclusion", and we understood the relationships between them. Grounded theory is the methodology most-often cited by authors of qualitative studies in medicine, but it has been suggested that many 'grounded theory' studies are not concordant with the methodology. From those who agreed, we used the quantitative data from the MPP to select an initial sample. Theoretical sampling added 12 face to face interviews and 10 telephone interviews to the data. Centre for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Alexandra Sbaraini, Stacy M Carter & Anthony Blinkhorn, Population Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Alexandra Sbaraini, R Wendell Evans & Anthony Blinkhorn, You can also search for this author in We have provided a worked example of coding in Table 2. Because our aim was to understand the process of implementing the protocols, including the conditions and consequences of variation in the process, we needed to understand how implementation might fail. Writing case-based memos right after each interview while being in the field allowed the researcher/interviewer to capture initial ideas and make comparisons between participants' accounts. Patients were asked questions about what kind of services dentists should provide and what patients valued when coming to the dentist. CAS  As a modern model of ethnographic investigation, netnography uses the data gathered through digital communications in varying online communities to trace and analyze patterns of social interaction. After a few interviews, the interviewer/researcher also began making and recording comparisons among these memos. 2008, 53: 83-92. Dentists' construction of the "unreliable" patient during interviews also prompted us to theoretically sample for "unreliable" and "reliable" patients in the following round of patients' interviews. 2009, Walnut Creek, CA, USA: Left Coast Press, 86-125. The use of the constant comparative method enabled the analysis to produce not just a description but a model, in which more abstract concepts were related and a social process was explained. Table 4 illustrates a conceptual memo. The fifth, emerging variant is 'Dimensional Analysis' [17] which is being developed from the work of Leonard Schaztman, who was a colleague of Strauss and Glaser in the 1960s and 1970s. Our aim is to provide a model for practice, to connect medical researchers with a useful methodology, and to increase the quality of 'grounded theory' research published in the medical literature. It is important to keep in mind that grounded theory research questions seek to understand, and make explicit, the social processes and implicit belief systems that underlie behaviour in the phenomena under observation (Moghaddam 2006; McLeod, 2011). statement and We did this as the study progressed - detailed below. Abstract . The patients' interview schedule and theoretical sampling followed similar procedures. Avoid preconceived theories an… Grounded theory methodology assisted us to develop a detailed model of the process of adapting preventive protocols into dental practice, and to analyse variation in this process in different dental practices. 2. Furthermore, grounded theory questions should en-capture the action and process of people. Furthermore, grounded theory questions should en-capture the action and process of people. 3. 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00076.x. The authors received financial support for the research from the following funding agencies: University of Sydney Postgraduate Award 2009; The Oral Health Foundation, University of Sydney; Dental Board New South Wales; Australian Dental Research Foundation; National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant 632715. In our analysis of data from Dental Practice 1, we had learned that "effectiveness" of treatments and "evidence" both had a range of meanings. Privacy BMC Med Res Methodol 11, 128 (2011). Qual Res. The theory is “grounded” in actual data, which means the analysis and development of theories happens after you have collected the data. Then, in Dental Practice 2 we learned more about the barriers dentists and practice staff encountered during the process of implementing the MPP protocols. In our initial application we provided a long list of possible recruitment strategies and interview questions, as suggested by Charmaz [15]. Developing Grounded Theory: The Second Generation. Interviews were semi-structured and based loosely on the research questions. We fleshed out each major focused code, examining the situations in which they appeared, when they changed and the relationship among them. It was introduced by Glaser & Strauss in 1967 to legitimize qualitative research. Espelid I, Tveit A, Haugejorden O, Riordan P: Variation in radiographic interpretation and restorative treatment decisions on approximal caries among dentists in Norway. This may be in part because there are few practical examples of grounded theory in use in the literature. This allowed the process of theoretical sampling to occur. AS carried out data collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. We interviewed all consenting staff who had been involved in the MPP (one dentist, five dental assistants). Our detailed explanation of our experience in this grounded theory study is intended to provide, vicariously, the kind of 'experience' that might help other qualitative researchers in medicine and health to apply and benefit from grounded theory methodology in their studies. Examples of Grounded Theory. AS, SMC, RWE, and AB have been involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. Phone interviews had similar length and depth compared to the face to face interviews, but allowed for a greater range of participation. 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