Pragmatism’s focus on the production of actionable knowledge is of particular benefit to research with non-government organizations, ensuring that research is contextually relevant as well as informed by theory. Likewise, the process of framing of research questions based on practical understanding of organizational decision-making processes (Project example 2) revealed the diversity of views between board members and staff in NGOs. The pragmatic paradigm has great contribution in the field of social science research. Pragmatism as a Paradigm for Mixed Methods Research ... important in health and social care research and this book is a useful overview of the synthesis of quantitative and qualitative elements, both for research design and in arriving at conclusions from the data. This chapter provides an overview of pragmatism as a paradigm for research in the social sciences. In recent years it has been observed that pragmatic paradigm is the most suitable paradigm to be used in social science research. What is Research: Research Characteristics, What is Research: Definitions and Meanings, Writing a Research Essay: Steps and Concepts, Purposeful Sampling in Qualitative Research, Ethical Issues in Participant Observation, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatism/, http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/115066/3/pragmatism-ijbraf-paper.pdf, https://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/pragmatism-research-philosophy/, Causes and Solutions of Juvenile Delinquency, What are the qualities of a good research topic, How to Preserve Food using Natural Food Preservatives. I use pragmatic in its philosophical sense, which is to evoke the philosophies of action espoused by … The intention is to provide other researchers with a clear outline of pragmatism’s utility in research, including as a useful paradigm to navigate qualitative applied social research on NGO processes. 4. In both research projects, there was a need for methods that made room for plurality and the interests and agendas of diverse respondents in the research process; a pragmatic approach, with its emphasis on actionable knowledge, enabled us to achieve this. This principle was particularly valuable in guiding our sampling strategies; helping us identify information-rich respondents most likely to provide useful practice-based knowledge, as well as ensuring the sampling process uncovered a range of perspectives. Mazuru Grace: an informative document. Morgan, David. In fact, as noted above, the classical pragmatism movement originated to focus inquiry on issues of human significance rather than on metaphysical debates about the nature of truth and reality (Patton, 2005). Background: After the decades of the so‐called ‘paradigm wars’ in social science research methodology and the controversy about the relative place and value of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, ‘paradigm peace’ appears to have now been declared. The pragmatists believe that there is a single real world but different people can have different views about that real world. In Project example 2, this included multi-year comparisons to ascertain changes in the way case study NGOs had positioned performance data on their websites and in their annual reports. This tenet was central to both projects as we embarked on these research projects with the aim of finding respondent-driven solutions to real-world problems. . For more information view the SAGE Journals Sharing page. Qualitative research is often associated with interpretivism, but alternatives do exist. This data analysis plan, based on useful knowledge as determined by respondents, enabled the researcher to balance the macro- and micro-level investigation required to answer key research questions around NGO performance measurement. Sharing links are not available for this article. ResearchArticles.com pragmatism that do not engage in social action or research. Please read and accept the terms and conditions and check the box to generate a sharing link. This chapter provides an overview of pragmatism as a paradigm for research in the social sciences. Instead, he views research as a form of inquiry that is performed more carefully and more self-consciously than most other human responses to problematic situations to the external environment (Dewey, 2008 [1910]). The pragmatists claim that the knowledge gained through a mixed-method approach can be if not completely partially applied to other circumstances. Our dissemination strategies pragmatically centre on informing and engaging practitioners, where possible, in discussions on our findings. Besides critical research and sometimes positivism, qualitative research in information systems can be performed following a paradigm of pragmatism. Thus, rather than being bound by pragmatism’s inherent focus on practice, we have used the focus on practice as a driver for new ways of knowing and understanding. This necessitates dissemination to a wider audience through journal articles, blogs and conference presentations which advocate for smaller NGOs and highlight the need for appropriate evaluative processes that correspond with their organizational priorities and operational constraints (e.g. Simultaneously, this approach highlighted the multiple interpretations of organizational realities experienced by practitioners within these NGOs. This inquiry or assessment is followed by adaptation and altered behaviour in response to the problem. This mixed m… In social science research, Pragmatic Paradigm was proposed as a philosophical basis for Mixed Methods Research (MMR) (Morgan, 2007; Mertens, 2010; Creswell, 2014), supporting a third option to qualitative and quantitative methods dichotomy. Pragmatism, which provides a guiding framework anchored in practicality, is particularly appropriate for these studies examining performance measurement and evaluation in applied NGO settings. In Dewey’s approach, there is no distinct boundary between everyday life and research (Morgan, 2014b). It also addresses a key challenge in organizational research which is for the researcher to develop a ‘mediated’ understanding of complex organizational processes (Lorino et al., 2010: 778). Postposi­ Charles Sanders was the originator behind the pragmatic paradigm while William James was his colleague he defended the idea and promoted it later. Pragmatism holds that the value and meaning of opinions and ‘facts’ captured in research data are assessed through examination of their practical consequences; this gives them a ‘warranted assertibility’ (Dewey, 1938). Qualitative research is often associated with interpretivism, but alternatives do exist. Throughout the history of pragmatism this approach went through ups and downs. pragmatic approach to research design as well as the importance of creating coherence between the research question, the research paradigm, the research method and its use, encouraging research practitioners to adopt a more systematic, deliberate and philosophically-based approach to research design. Yet, the pragmatic paradigm implies that the overall approach to research is that of mixing data collection methods and data analysis procedures within the research process (Creswell, 2003). research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods. Through pragmatism, we could be flexible and adaptive throughout the research process as iterative inquiry, experience, knowing and acting informed ways to improve the research projects’ usefulness and value. Elements of the data collection stage where we found it valuable to use pragmatist ideas to guide research choices included the scope and sequence of data collection methods, the researchers’ stance and ethical considerations for data collection. This survey focused on practitioners’ experiences of NGO performance measurement processes and decision-making processes, enabling comparison with formal documentation, as well as the views of NGO leaders and boards. The pragmatic paradigm is useful for guiding research design, especially when a combination of different approaches is philosophically inconsistent. In regard to research on organizations, an iterative focus on actionable knowledge maintains the connectivity of the inquiry process to evolving organizational practice and emergent problems. A paradigm is a shared belief system that influences the types of knowledge researchers seek to obtain and how they interpret any research evidence they may collect (Morgan, 2007). In addition to identifying and including new evidence, the field notes also captured elements of the discourse that NGOs were excluding. For instance, initial inquiry into programme evaluation (Project example 1) revealed distinctions between how head office and field office staff enact evaluation and the consequences of these actions. Epistemologically, pragmatism is premised on the idea that research can steer clear of metaphysical debates about the nature of truth and reality and focus instead on ‘practical understandings’ of concrete, real-world issues (Patton, 2005: 153). This paper has picked out interpretivism and pragmatism as two possible … The sub-headings are set out in a linear fashion, despite the research processes being iterative and more complex than this reductive layout would suggest. Sign in here to access free tools such as favourites and alerts, or to access personal subscriptions, If you have access to journal content via a university, library or employer, sign in here, Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. This dissemination strategy involves roundtable workshopping events and practice-based publications (e.g. Evolution of Pragmatism. This paper has picked out interpretivism and pragmatism as two possible and important research paradigms for qualitative research in information systems. }. Had the researchers adopted a more theory-testing methodology or one based purely on structured, close-ended methods, it would have been unlikely for the projects to contribute to validate ‘practical understandings’ (Patton, 2005: 153) of the study phenomena. The Qualitative Paradigm . Five Common Paradigms . In essence, this investigation is driven by a pragmatic desire to evaluate the pragmatist paradigm in relation to the success of its practical application as a framework for research. In social science research, Pragmatic Paradigm was proposed as a philosophical basis for mixed methods research, supporting a third option to qualitative and quantitative methods dichotomy. In other words, by emphasizing the principle of actionable knowledge right through the research process, researchers can holistically address the knowing, acting and experience occurring in NGOs. By analysing the data across the sample NGOs, it was found that many of the established and documented practices were rarely mentioned in the context of discussions on usefulness. Pragmatics recognise that there are many different ways of interpreting the world and undertaking research, that no single point of view can ever give the entire picture and that there may be multiple realities[1] According to pragmatism research philosophy, research question is the most important determinant of the research philosophy. Pragmatism is an emerging research paradigm where practical consequences and the effects of concepts and behaviors are vital components of meaning and truth. We suggest that pragmatism is a particularly worthy paradigm to guide research that seeks to provide a public good by improving practice and policy while remaining true to the quality-driven rigours of academic research. On the other hand positivists believe that there is only single reality that can be approached in one way. This has reverberations for the relevance and utility of our research findings, not only for NGOs but also for the wider organizational research discourse. KEYWORDS: Participatory Action Research, Pragmatism, Qualitative Research, Community Socially engaged research has the promise of rejuvenating the social sciences (Brydon-Miller et al., 2011, Flyvbjerg, 2004, Levin & Greenwood, 2011, Mertens, 2007). The engagement of respondents and the experiential nature of the inquiry process enabled the researchers to address this critique. A mixed-method approach means that such research will use both qualitative and quantitative research methods. This embeddedness of inquiry in practical, everyday situations makes classical pragmatism relevant to theoreticians and practitioners alike. Indeed, transferability is often claimed to be the strength of qualitative research (Lincoln and Guba 1985).With pragmatism the transferability of the research is strengthened by both the breadth and the depth of the data provided by the connection of quantitative and qualitative approaches. This discussion links to practice through reflexive and critical analysis of how each of these steps evolved in the two project examples. Others contend that the practical, real-world emphasis can encourage researchers to take a ‘soft’ approach avoiding the significance of distinctions, such as between quantitative and qualitative research, at an epistemological level (Denzin, 2010: 422). This paradigm is associated with action, intervention and constructive knowledge. Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in process, meaning, ... Naturalist Paradigm (Qualitative) The nature of reality: Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Qualitative research is often associated with interpretivism, but alternatives do exist. Pragmatism: Type of research: Qualitative: Quantitative: Mixed: Methods: Open-ended questions, emerging approaches, text and/or image data: Closed-ended questions, pre-determined approaches, numeric data: Both, open and closed-ended questions, both, emerging and predetermined approaches, and both, qualitative and quantitative data analysis : Research practices: Positions researcher within … She holds a Bachelor’s, Master’s, and PhD degree in sociology and development studies. Pragmatists believe that there cannot be a single reality but multiple realities. ‘We were there too’: There is much to learn from embedding auto/biography in the ... Practising reflexivity: Ethics, methodology and theory construction. Similarly, in Project example 1, many respondents highlighted that they had never considered the worth of evaluation. For Project example 1, this involved seeking out the perspectives of the primary intended users of evaluation. There are four paradigms of pragmatic research (postpositivism, constructivist, participatory and pragmatism) that provide special and different prospective on the practice of this research. He argued that, when applied to philosophical debates, the pragmatic maxim does not typically show that these lack content; but instead the maxim reveals hidden and substantial issues that are at stake. Pragmatism as a paradigm for social research. As the research progressed, this principle helped us determine our research questions and methods. In Project example 1, pragmatism helped identify the need to engage deeply with staff at the project implementation level. In addition, as both researchers are practitioners within the NGO sector, we were keenly aware of NGOs’ limited resources and were concerned about our use of NGOs’ time. Reflexivity permits a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of how research processes and relationships are constituted and how they affect theory and its future consequences (Weick, 2002). And it depends on the context …, Your email address will not be published. In both projects, pragmatism necessitated a reflexive stance at all stages of data collection as respondent perspectives were being shaped by the inquiry processes itself. 9; 2019 ISSN 1913-9004 E-ISSN 1913-9012 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education 1 Pragmatism as a Supportive Paradigm for the Mixed Research Approach: Conceptualizing the Ontological, Epistemological, and Axiological Stances of Pragmatism Heba Maarouf1 Thus, it was through Dewey’s work that the classical pragmatism movement reached its peak and came to be applied in all areas of philosophy as well as in psychology, education and politics (Morgan, 2014b). Qualitative research is often associated with interpretivism, but alternatives do exist. By scanning both theoretical and grey literature for knowledge gaps of practical use to the case study organizations, we were able to inform and refine the research objectives. This paradigm is totally opposite to positivist paradigm and constructivism. This contrasts with other organizational research, which may be more static and theory-driven. This article highlights three principles of pragmatism from the literature and demonstrates application of these at each step of the research process using examples from the authors’ qualitative doctoral projects. This section discusses how these were enacted in our research. At the design stage of Project example 2, it was found that several small NGOs were developing complex, organization-wide performance measurement systems. Decisions about these elements were made at the research design phase. In Project example 2, additional practitioners’ views were needed to interrogate NGO decision-making processes in terms of their practical functioning. (2015), ‘Pragmatism provides a richer and more realistic view of human behaviour than the ones used by rationalist and structuralist accounts’ (p. 4). This meant that the order, dose and duration of data collection among the different case study NGOs could adapt according to NGO requirements without disadvantaging the study’s trustworthiness. For James, the pragmatic maxim was a window into the way people think, formulate ideas, experiment and construct new habits (Ormerod, 2006). The email address and/or password entered does not match our records, please check and try again. Whereas structural models, which are also popular with organizational theorists, provide for a more static view of organizational life. Which research paradigm does my research belong to? This iterative prioritization process was important for respondents but also important for enhancing the relevance and potential transferability of the research findings, an important aspect of pragmatism (Kelly, 2019c; Morgan, 2007). 2 Agenda Pragmatism as a research paradigm in social research Three kinds of pragmatism Practice research vs. Action reserach Constructive knowledge & practical theory Documentation Goldkuhl G (2008) Practical inquiry as action research and beyond, in Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Information Systems, Galway Goldkuhl G (2008) What kind of pragmatism in Its fluidity allowed for abductive, inductive and deductive reasoning, which supported inclusion of emerging ideas and data. Login failed. Pragmatism, particularly questions around the usefulness of data from the perspective of diverse respondents, and the fact that respondents were actively involved in the inquiry process, guided an increased depth of analysis and contributed to the validity of findings. The use of rational choice models by many organizational theorists has focused research on individual, rational agents and limited the scope to understand complexity and diversity in organizations. …..Merriam, S. … The paradigm wars between these approaches often encouraged the application of rigid methodological frameworks and the temptation of creating ‘one … Though it also means that there should have to have a properly integrated methodology to reach to the right answers of the research questions. Create a link to share a read only version of this article with your colleagues and friends. A paradigm is essentially a worldview, a whole framework of beliefs, values and methods within which research takes place. These two doctoral projects offer complementary and practical examples of how pragmatism can be used to strengthen research processes. The pragmatist seeks knowledge according to the circumstances in which the phenomenon occur. Furthermore, we agree with Swanson and Holton (2005) that ‘Enlarging the range of available (and appropriate) methods can only generate better and more complete pictures of phenomena’ (p. 231). What can it offer contemporary organization theory? Pragmatism has provided an effective alternative to previously qualitative-only research.  =  The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the USA about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Both researchers have spent many years working in social programmes and have built extensive networks. As a new paradigm, pragmatism disrupts the assumptions of older approaches based on the philosophy of knowledge, while providing promising new directions for … In Project example 1, data were collected using a focused ethnographic methodology which augmented interviews with participant observation. Pragmatism provided us with the roadmap to guide us there. Besides critical research and sometimes positivism, qualitative research in information systems can be performed following a paradigm of pragmatism. In both project examples, an important part of the analytical process involved the documentation of field-notes or emergent findings, which included new evidence collected through repeat interviews or updated documentation, as the case study NGOs enacted the practices that were under investigation. The methods we chose as a result of this principle enabled us to unpack complex problems and contexts. Pragmatic inquiry recognizes that individuals within social settings (including organizations) can experience action and change differently, and this encourages them to be flexible in their investigative techniques (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). A second principle which serves to strengthen the pragmatist inquiry process is the opportunity to explore the interconnectedness of experience, knowing and acting in the research process within respondent organizations. The pragmatic principles adopted encouraged her to be multi-disciplinary to provide NGOs with knowledge from other disciplines to augment their practice. Through our inquiry, we have narrowed down our selection to three principles of critical relevance to research on organizational processes. For Project example 1, the analysis plan focused on the principle of actionable knowledge by analysing NGOs’ organizational values against widely accepted programme evaluation standards to highlight practices respondents found useful, purposeful and meaningful, as well as identifying practices that could be strengthened. Historically, pragmatism developed in the late 19th and early 20th century as a philosophical movement that focused on the practical consequences of social reality. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful clarifications and additions. Keeping respondents in a communication loop enabled respondents to feel invested in the research and send impromptu updates of their evaluation journeys. This site uses cookies. Hence, it was important for the researchers to develop a relationship of openness to surface new perspectives rather than prompt or direct respondents. In both research scenarios, the choice of methods was driven by initial scoping of the research question using the principles of pragmatism as a guide. The epistemological framework guiding the doctoral project examples discussed in this article most closely aligns with classical pragmatism, particularly the approach taken by Dewey and latter-day pragmatists that emphasize pragmatism as a unique, guiding philosophy for research in the social sciences. Pragmatism is a paradigm that includes ideas, methods, approaches, principals, or a mix of these to explain a solution to a research problem. Contact us if you experience any difficulty logging in. The main distinction between constructivism philosophy and positivism relates to the fact that while positivism argues that knowledge is generated in a scientific method, constructivism maintains that knowledge is constructed by scientists and it opposes the idea that there is a single methodology to generate knowledge. Pragmatists study the actions of the individuals in light of their actions. display: none !important; Besides critical research and sometimes positivism, qualitative research in information systems can be performed following a paradigm of pragmatism. Pragmatism can be more suitable than other major philosophical approaches to probe this ‘inner world’ of organizational processes as first, it emphasizes that knowledge is based on experience; and second, it encourages the researchers to analyse organizational practices through experience as well as action. Hence, an online survey was included in the research design. pragmatism as a paradigm for social research Uncategorized December 5, 2020 0 Comment The pragmatist principles provided guidance to investigate these ‘unseen’ processes and evaluate the success of their practical application. Find out about Lean Library here, If you have access to journal via a society or associations, read the instructions below. Keywords: pragmatism, mixed research, the reality cycle, the double-faced knowledge, the necessary bias principle 1. The study contexts are complex, requiring investigation of multiple perspectives and building variation into techniques and analytical schemes. Pragmatism focuses on what can be achieved or what works rather than on the positivists principal of absolute truth or reality. 33. A pragmatist approach, with its epistemological focus on the inquiry process and practicality, was found to be more useful than research philosophies that lay a sole emphasis on abstraction or philosophical theory-generation. A pragmatist view was vital in ensuring the validity of our conclusions and in delivering on practical research outputs for the case study organizations who took part in our research projects. For us, using pragmatism to underpin our research has strengthened its ability to capture elements of practice that are important to NGOs and their staff, turning practice-based evidence into theory. December 19, 2019. Although this article is organized linearly for structural simplicity, the authors recognize that research, particularly qualitative research, is an emergent and iterative process. The most recent research paradigm put forward by many theorists and practitioners in order to overcome the paradigmatic schism is ‘pragmatism’. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves as in competition with each other. Furthermore, grounding these principles in an epistemological stance that recognizes the deep interconnections between experience, knowing and acting can help combat the perceived limitations of overly ‘practical’ inquiry. Copyright © 2010 ResarchArticles.com | All rights reserved. Pragmatic philosophical positions. ‘Knowing’ in this sense, has the potential to transform practice (Biesta, 2010). Neopragmatism was criticized by several researchers who favored the classical pragmatic paradigm approach. By building in scope to explore the diverse experiences of different individuals at the level of the research questions, we were able to identify more facets of the research problem than if these were solely framed around the theoretical literature, formal NGO documentation or our existing understanding of NGO processes. By demonstrating the suitability of this approach for research on NGOs, this article contributes to the growing literature supporting pragmatism as a potential paradigm for organizational research (Elkjaer and Simpson, 2011; Farjoun et al., 2015; Lorino, 2018). The originators and contributors that are associated with the early development of pragmatic paradigm include, Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) and William James (1842–1910). While a detailed discussion of pragmatism’s historical, epistemological and definitional roots is beyond the scope of this article, a concise overview is presented in the ‘Background’ section below to clarify the understanding of pragmatism adopted in the project examples. This finding was uncovered by asking respondents to think of performance measurement practices and evaluations they had found useful and to describe the value of these practices. As noted by Lincoln (2005), ‘the impact of efforts to improve organizations is always a task left unfinished, because it cannot account for many things unseen’ (p. 222). Latter day pragmatists also emphasize the importance of acting on problems in the ‘real world’ (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2003; Rorty et al., 2004). Advocates of the so-called pragmatic approach to research have over emphasized its practicability in combining diverse This product could help you, Accessing resources off campus can be a challenge. The emergence and development of mixed-method methodology changed the way social science research has been conducted in the past. Conceptualizing epistemology as a theory of inquiry, he contended that understanding inquiry as experiencing, knowing and acting provided for a more dynamic view of social life: ‘Because we live in a world in process, the future, although continuous with the past is not its bare repetition’ (Dewey, 1929: 40). 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